利来w66(中国区)_来利国际旗舰利来w66

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li:nth-child(7) > a{}body > div:nth-child(10) > div > div > section.hidden-xs.hidden-sm.hidden-md.col-xs-12 > div > ul > li:nth-child(8) > a{}body > div:nth-child(10) > div > div > section.hidden-xs.hidden-sm.hidden-md.col-xs-12 > div > ul > li:nth-child(9) > a{}body > div:nth-child(10) > div > div > section.hidden-xs.hidden-sm.hidden-md.col-xs-12 > div > ul > li:nth-child(6) > a{}body > div:nth-child(10) > div > div > section.hidden-xs.hidden-sm.hidden-md.col-xs-12 > div > ul > li:nth-child(1) > a{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(3).on a, .HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(3):hover a{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(2).on a, .HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(2):hover a{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(4).on a, .HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(4):hover a{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(5).on a, .HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(5):hover a{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(6).on a, .HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(6):hover a{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(7).on a, .HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(7):hover a{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(8).on a, .HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(8):hover a{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(9).on a, .HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 ul li:nth-child(9):hover a{}#aboutus-37_1891 > section > div > div > div:nth-child(2) > ul > li > p{}.other_184_right > .index_sub_title{}#bottom-35_1891 > section > div > div > div > div.hjzf_bottom_35_b > a:nth-child(5),#bottom-35_1891 > section > div > div > div > div.hjzf_bottom_35_b > a:nth-child(6){}.foot_contact h2{}.HJZF_Z__inner_product_categroy5 li a{}.InsidePages_content-right_content-main #contactus-jump{}.head_hj05 .header_bott .inav_wrapper .inav .nav_li>a h2{}.header_bott .menu_list_drop li a:hover{}.new_detail15_editor 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    阿片类药物全程管理怎么用?2025癌痛共识划重点了!
      2025/12/11| 阅读次数:152

    癌痛,这个困扰着约80%癌症患者的难题,至今仍有超过半数者未能获得充分缓解。


    《癌痛全程管理中国专家共识(2025版)》最近发布,强调随着国际疾病分类第11版(ICD-11)将慢性癌痛单列编码(MG30.0),目前已普遍认同癌痛不仅是一种症状,更是一种需要系统治疗的疾病,与肿瘤治疗相辅相成,需要多学科、全疾病周期的综合管理。


    阿片类药物是中重度癌痛治疗的基石,其疗效与安全性直接决定癌痛管理质量。目前我国常用的缓释阿片类药物有芬太尼透皮贴剂、吗啡缓释片、羟考酮缓释片、氢吗啡酮缓释片、他喷他多缓释片等。


    共识突破传统经验性用药模式,以精准化、个体化、全周期为核心,对阿片类药物的剂量滴定、维持治疗、药物轮替、减量停药及不良反应处理五大关键环节进行了系统规范,为临床实践提供了可落地的操作路径。



    剂量滴定

    从模糊估算到路径化操作


    剂量滴定是阿片类药物使用的起始关键步,核心目标是快速找到最佳镇痛剂量。共识首次以流程图形式明确三种滴定路径,覆盖不同临床场景。


    口服给药是最常用的滴定方式;对于需要快速镇痛的患者,静脉或皮下给药是更合适的选择;病人自控镇痛技术用于重度癌痛滴定,实现了按需给药,极大提升了患者的控制感和满意度;明确不推荐阿片类受体激动-拮抗剂(如布托啡诺)作为滴定药物。


    这让以往依赖于医生个人经验的滴定过程,变得有章可循、有法可依。尤其是病人自控镇痛技术的推广,是“以患者为中心”理念在镇痛技术上的完美体现。



    维持治疗

    缓释为主、即释备用


    维持治疗的核心目标是持续控制背景痛、减少疼痛波动。共识明确缓释/透皮制剂为主、即释制剂备用的规范模式。这一规范终结了维持治疗中剂型选择混乱、联用无依据的问题,确保镇痛效果稳定且安全可控。


    癌痛经有效控制并确定稳定的背景阿片类药物剂量后,使用缓释制剂进行维持治疗。在应用缓释制剂期间,应备用即释制剂控制爆发痛。解救剂量为前24h用药总量的10%~20%,当每日即释阿片类药物解救次数>3次时,应当考虑将前24h解救用药换算成缓释制剂阿片类药物。


    我国常用缓释制剂包括吗啡缓释片、羟考酮缓释片、氢吗啡酮缓释片、芬太尼透皮贴剂;不建议同时使用2种及以上缓释阿片类药物,不推荐哌替啶用于癌痛维持治疗。



    药物轮替

    优化疗效、减少不良反应


    药物轮替是指将一种阿片类药物(或给药途径)转换为另一种,核心目标是解决原有药物疗效不佳或不良反应无法耐受(如顽固性便秘、过度镇静)的问题。共识对轮替时机、剂量换算及监测给出明确标准。


    在进行药物轮替时,首先需计算病人24h内使用的阿片类药物总剂量(包括缓释制剂和即释制剂),并根据等效剂量换算表(见表2)转换为另一种药物。


    1.jpg


    这一规范让药物轮替从被动应对问题转为主动优化方案,提升了调整过程的科学性与安全性。



    减量与停药

    安全着陆,避免戒断反应


    阿片类药物的减量与停药需遵循逐步、缓慢” 原则,核心目标是减少戒断症状(如焦虑、出汗、恶心、肌肉疼痛),同时确保疼痛不反弹。共识明确减量指征、幅度及监测标准,此环节专家赞同率达100%(证据等级A),体现其临床重要性。


    根据病人的病情、疼痛控制以及治疗目标,在以下情况可考虑将阿片类药物剂量降低5%~20%:疼痛控制稳定,很少或无需因爆发痛需要解救药;急性疼痛事件已缓解或癌症针对性治疗有效;非阿片类药物的疼痛管理疗法能够改善疼痛。


    药物减量至每日剂量相当于30mg口服吗啡,再继续服用至少2天停药。对于不能耐受药物不良反应的轻度疼痛病人(疼痛评分≤3分),应减量10%25%,再重新评估。若病人临床症状迅速恶化,出现明显镇静、呼吸抑制,应将阿片类药物剂量降低50%75%,待病情稳定后重新评估和剂量滴定。


    晚期癌症患者(预期生存期<3个月)若疼痛控制稳定,不建议主动减量——此类患者需长期维持有效剂量,减量可能导致疼痛反弹,降低生活质量;合并阿片依赖史(如药物滥用史)的患者,减量需联合精神科医生,必要时使用美沙酮过渡,避免戒断反应加重。



    不良反应管理

    预防为主、对症为辅


    阿片类药物的不良反应是影响患者依从性的主要因素,共识强调全程预防、分级处理,将不良反应管理纳入癌痛全程管理的核心环节。


    阿片类药物的不良反应主要包括便秘、恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、瘙痒、头晕、尿潴留、谵妄、认知障碍、呼吸抑制等。恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、头晕等不良反应大多出现在未使用过阿片类药物病人的用药初期,而便秘通常会持续发生于药物使用的全过程。除便秘外,大多不良反应是暂时性或可耐受,若不良反应持续存在,应考虑阿片类药物轮替。


    共识明确:多数不良反应(如恶心、镇静)可通过对症治疗 剂量调整缓解,仅当不良反应持续超过1周且对症治疗无效时,才考虑药物轮替,避免因过度担忧不良反应而放弃有效镇痛治疗。


    《癌痛全程管理中国专家共识(2025版)》对阿片类药物的规范管理,标志着我国癌痛治疗从关注镇痛效果向关注患者整体生活质量转变。临床实践中遵循共识路径,可以让阿片类药物真正成为癌痛患者的镇痛利器而非安全负担。


    参考文献
    中国医师协会疼痛科医师分会 国家卫生健康委能力建设和继续教育中心癌痛全程管理专家组.癌痛全程管理中国专家共识(2025版)[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2025,(9):643~654

    【声明】文章内容不作为临床诊疗依据,仅供交流、学习。


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